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發(fā)布時(shí)間：2023/07/03 13:32:11
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小托?？荚囍谐霈F(xiàn)的學(xué)術(shù)性文章一般是議論文和說(shuō)明文兩種文體。這種文章類型因?yàn)樵掝}比較深：有涉及到動(dòng)物、植物、天文、地質(zhì)等很多抽象的話題；同時(shí)，因?yàn)樵~匯比較難，長(zhǎng)難句比較多，所以讀起來(lái)不是那么容易讓這個(gè)年齡段的孩子理解，所以，比起非學(xué)術(shù)性文章來(lái)說(shuō)，學(xué)術(shù)性文章對(duì)于很多小朋友來(lái)說(shuō)會(huì)覺(jué)得很難駕馭。
但是其實(shí)這種類型的文章是有他一定的討論的。因?yàn)樗钦f(shuō)明文嘛，很多內(nèi)容的展開(kāi)都是以說(shuō)明為主，那么說(shuō)明文文章主打的就是結(jié)構(gòu)非常清晰，一般文章會(huì)在開(kāi)頭直接提出要描述的對(duì)象，然后是描述其具體特征或是發(fā)展歷史又或者是出現(xiàn)的原因及其影響。這樣的話，就會(huì)在閱讀的時(shí)候有一個(gè)預(yù)判，就比較容易讀懂文章意思了。
下面有一篇文章，我們來(lái)看看我們?nèi)绾慰焖俚淖x懂它！這篇文章是關(guān)于冰箱的發(fā)展的。下面是關(guān)于這篇文章的背景介紹，我選取了兩個(gè)文中涉及到的時(shí)間點(diǎn)：
1802
Thomas Moore, an American businessman, created a nice box to cool dairy products for transport. He called it a “refrigiratory” until he patented “refrigerator” in 1803. In the early 1800s, more and more Americans movedinto cities, expanding the distance between the consumer and the source of thefood. The need for refrigeration was growing day by day.
1840
The first iceboxes were made by carpenters, designed to take advantage of the regular household delivery of large blocks ofice. They were insulated wooden boxes lined with tin or zinc and used to holdblocks of ice to keep the food cool. A drip pan collected the melt water–and had to be emptied daily.
By the mid-ninetenthcetuny ,the term”icebox” had entered the American language, but ice was only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the United States. The ice trade grew wíth the growthof cities. Ice was used in hotels, restaurants, and hospitals. After the Civil War (1861 -1865), ice came into household use. Till 1880, half the ice sold in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and one- third of that sold in Boston and Chicago, went to families for their own use. This had become possible because the icebox, a precursor of the modern refrigerator, had been invented.
Making an fficient icebox was not as easy as we might now suppose. In the early ninetcenth century,people only had some basie knowledge of the physics of heat,which was very important to the science of refrigeration. Many people think that the best icebox was the one that prevented the ice from melting. Of course,this is wrong, for it was the melting of the ice that can cool things. Nevertheless, people use different ways to keep ice from melting too fast, for example, wrap the ice in blankets. At the end of the nineteenth century, inventors finally found a balance between saving the ice from melting tooquiekly and transporting them at the same time.
But as early as 1803, a clever Maryland farmer, Thomas Moore, had been on the right track. He owned afarm about twenty miles outside the city of Washington, for which the vil of Gieorge town was the market center. When he used an icebox of his own desien to transport his butterto market, he found that customers would pay the highest price for his butter,rsill fresh and hard. One advantage of his icebox, Moore expained,was that farmers would no longer have to travel to market at night in order to keep their product cool.
閱讀這樣的歷史類的文章，我們需要抓住的框架就是找到歷史的時(shí)間點(diǎn)，區(qū)分不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)做的事情。同時(shí)也要注意：人名、地名、專業(yè)名詞等。最重要的還是理解文章的主題，也就是主旨。主旨一般會(huì)重復(fù)被提到，也就是重復(fù)詞，往往在第一段就提到。在這篇文章中就是icebox。文章的第一段講到內(nèi)戰(zhàn)之后，icebox出現(xiàn)使得冰開(kāi)始投入家庭使用。第二段提到由于當(dāng)時(shí)的人們對(duì)于基本的物理知識(shí)的缺乏，所以很難創(chuàng)造出一個(gè)effective icebox。第三段提到了一個(gè)聰明的商人Thomas Moore設(shè)計(jì)了一個(gè)獨(dú)特的icebox能讓黃油完好無(wú)損地運(yùn)到市場(chǎng)上。都是圍繞著icebox來(lái)展開(kāi)的，抓住這個(gè)主線基本上文章也就比較好理解了。
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