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發(fā)布時(shí)間：2024/03/18 11:34:11
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在TOEFL和ACT考試中，閱讀科目雖然都存在詞匯題型，但考察的重點(diǎn)確不同。作為語(yǔ)言能力測(cè)評(píng)的托福閱讀，常考某個(gè)單詞在詞典中的“第1個(gè)常見(jiàn)含義”；而作為學(xué)術(shù)能力評(píng)估的ACT考試（簡(jiǎn)稱“美國(guó)高考”），閱讀科目的詞匯題對(duì)學(xué)生們的能力要求顯然更高，更側(cè)重于某個(gè)單詞在不同文章具體語(yǔ)境下的的含義，這個(gè)含義卻不一定是該單詞最常見(jiàn)的那個(gè)意思。因此，為了更好的應(yīng)對(duì)該問(wèn)題，除了需要學(xué)生們平時(shí)背單詞時(shí)拓寬深度外，今天我們也給大家提供一些在語(yǔ)境中猜詞的實(shí)用小技巧。
技巧1: 指代線索
【70R】
Logic did not always lead to the same answers, however. While Parmenides satisfied himself that matter was unchanging and permanent, another Greek reached the opposite conclusion. Heraclitus of Ephesus (in Asia Minor) insisted that the universe, instead of standing still, is in continuous motion. He declared that a person cannot step into the same river twice—in fact, the river is changing even as one steps into it. This doctrine proved most disturbing, for if everything is constantly changing (including ourselves), how can we gain true knowledge of anything? By the time our mind has been informed, the object of our attention is no longer what it was!
As it is used in line 82, the word doctrine most nearly means:
A. change
B. illusion
C. theory
D. document
答案：C
分析：doctrine（教條、學(xué)說(shuō)）這個(gè)單詞在托福中比較少見(jiàn)，所以很多剛開(kāi)始接觸ACT考試的學(xué)生對(duì)這個(gè)單詞的含義是比較陌生的，但就這題而言，即使不認(rèn)識(shí)doctrine卻也一點(diǎn)都不影響解題。此句中含有明顯的指代線索“this～”，根據(jù)代詞就近前指的原則，可以很快的找到上句中的“he declared~”來(lái)做同義替換，因此選C。
技巧2: 邏輯線索
同向邏輯—因果、舉例強(qiáng)調(diào)、并列遞進(jìn)、類比等等
反向邏輯—轉(zhuǎn)折、讓步、對(duì)比等等
【67F】
Thus, while the brothers’ flights were remarkable, they were hardly bolts from the blue. Rather, their achievement was a vital step in a long progression toward controlled flight. And by no means did their success make them overnight celebrities: in 1903 hardly anyone heard about their flings, and those who did were not inclined to believe the tale.
The statement “they are hardly bolts from the blue”(line 59) most strongly suggests that flights like the Wright brothers’ were:
F. unsurprising
G. improbable
H. unusual
J. remarkable
答案：F
分析：雖然“hardly bolts from the blue”這個(gè)俚語(yǔ)沒(méi)幾個(gè)學(xué)生認(rèn)識(shí)，但根據(jù)前半句的while（表句內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)折）線索可知，下劃線應(yīng)該表達(dá)的是“not remarkable”的含義，因此選F。
技巧3: 態(tài)度線索
【C01】
Filmmakers have debated the respective merits of subtitles and dubbing since the earliest sound films. In “The Impossible Life of Clark Costa,” published in1940 in the film journal Cinema, director Michelangelo Antonioni wrote that Romolo Costa, the person who dubbed all of actor Clark Gable's performances, was a “hybrid individual born out of a chemical combination.” This “half Clark, half Costa” was unbearable to Antonioni, who considered dubbing to be a mere "acoustic surrogate” of acting. To him, dubbing compromised the intention of the director, leading to an artificial product that lacked artistic unity. Director Pier Paolo Pasolini, who called both dubbing and subtitles “evils,” said that, between the two, dubbing was the less harmful, since it allowed you to see the picture in full. Director Jean Renoir called dubbing a “monstrosity, a challenge to human and divine laws.”
As it is used in lines 16-17, the phrase a challenge to most nearly means:
F. an assault on.
G. a declaration of
H. a question for
J. an offer to
答案：F
解析：challenge（挑戰(zhàn)）這個(gè)單詞，大多數(shù)學(xué)生都認(rèn)識(shí)，而這題做對(duì)選F的概率卻依然很低，主要問(wèn)題在于忽略了此句中challenge的態(tài)度屬性。劃線處的challenge作為前方“monstrosity（與monster“怪物”構(gòu)詞很像）”的同位語(yǔ)，明顯應(yīng)該是“極端負(fù)向態(tài)度”，只有F選項(xiàng)assault最為合適。
技巧4: 修飾搭配線索
【68G】
Ad hoc ways of categorizing living things are useful. Long may they persist. Practical people doing practical things need to carve up the world in their own ways, and it is not for outsiders to cavil. The flesh of abalones (ear shells) and of lobsters are comparably tender even if those creatures are less closely related to each other than eagles are to sea squirts; so why not call them both 'shellfish'? A ‘weed' is a useful category, as any farmer will attest. Each system of classification casts its own light upon the world; lay different classifications side by side and you illuminate from different angles, and truly begin to see in three dimensions.
As it is used in line 49, the phrase carve up most nearly means:
A. gouge.
B. minimize
C. analyze.
D. inscribe.
答案：C
分析：carve up字面義取自carve（雕刻、切割），故很多學(xué)生會(huì)誤選D項(xiàng)inscribe（刻字、題寫）。但根據(jù)句內(nèi)的搭配對(duì)象“～the world”可知，此處若理解為“inscribe the world”則十分怪誕，因此解釋為“analyze the world”更合適（原句翻譯為：務(wù)實(shí)的人在做實(shí)用的事情時(shí)會(huì)按照自己的方式來(lái)理解分析世界）。
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