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SAT科學(xué)類段落考點——實驗缺陷和問題

發(fā)布時間：2024/12/02 14:02:18

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SAT機考的科目中，大部分同學(xué)覺得閱讀Module 2 的harder 模式存在段落長、邏輯復(fù)雜、答題時間緊張等困難。尤其是科學(xué)類段落，覺得很難在有限的答題時間中很快理出一個頭緒，分析好文本里的邏輯關(guān)系并高效篩選選項。其實科學(xué)類段落中是有一些固定的考點的，比如研究的目的與結(jié)果、變量的設(shè)置與對比等，分析好這些考點，就可以很快理清文本邏輯，正確評估選項。今天我們來討論一下科學(xué)類段落中的一個常見的考點——實驗缺陷和問題。

科學(xué)類段落里經(jīng)常會介紹實驗過程和結(jié)果，而介紹實驗過程的時候，有時候會包括一些實驗設(shè)計的一些缺陷和問題，有一些題型比如細(xì)節(jié)題和推理題就經(jīng)常針對這些缺陷和問題出題。常見的缺陷和問題比如樣本量（sample size）不夠大，沒有設(shè)置對照組（control group），沒有對照實驗前的基準(zhǔn)線（baseline）或者衡量結(jié)果的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)設(shè)置（criterion）有問題等，這些都是真題里考過的考點。

我們來看一道例題：

Marta Coll and colleagues’ 2010 Mediterranean Sea biodiversity census reported approximately 17,000 species, nearly double the number reported in Carlo Bianchi and Carla Morri’s 2000 census—a difference only partly attributable to the description of new invertebrate species in the interim. Another factor is that the morphological variability of microorganisms is poorly understood compared to that of vertebrates, invertebrates, plants, and algae, creating uncertainty about how to evaluate microorganisms as species. Researchers’ decisions on such matters therefore can be highly consequential. Indeed, the two censuses reported similar counts of vertebrate, plant, and algal species, suggesting that ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A. Coll and colleagues reported a much higher number of species than Bianchi and Morri did largely due to the inclusion of invertebrate species that had not been described at the time of Bianchi and Morri’s census.

B. some differences observed in microorganisms may have been treated as variations within species by Bianchi and Morri but treated as indicative of distinct species by Coll and colleagues.

C. Bianchi and Morri may have been less sensitive to the degree of morphological variation displayed within a typical species of microorganism than Coll and colleagues were.

D. the absence of clarity regarding how to differentiate among species of microorganisms may have resulted in Coll and colleagues underestimating the number of microorganism species.

通過文本分析我們知道，Marta Coll和同事對地中海海洋生物的數(shù)據(jù)普查結(jié)果是17000個物種，是Carlo Bianchi 和Carla Morri2000 年數(shù)據(jù)的兩倍，為啥比別人多一倍呢？除了新發(fā)現(xiàn)的無脊椎動物之外，還有一個原因就是科學(xué)家們對microorganisms 的形態(tài)變化缺乏理解，這就是研究的缺陷和問題。比如毛毛蟲變成蝴蝶，蝌蚪變成青蛙，這算是一個物種還是兩個物種呢？如果算成兩個物種，肯定就比另外一種算法數(shù)出來的物種多啊，microorganisms 也是如此，大家的數(shù)據(jù)不一樣是因為統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不一樣，也就是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)出了問題，科學(xué)家的主觀判定不同，數(shù)據(jù)就不同。段落中尤其清楚地告訴我們，vertebrate, plant, and algal species數(shù)據(jù)都差不多，那這個鍋就必須是microorganisms 來背啊，因此Marta Coll數(shù)據(jù)多一倍是因為他們把微生物的不同形態(tài)算作是不同物種，而Carlo Bianchi 和Carla Morri認(rèn)為是同一物種，因為選B。

這就是一道實驗缺陷和問題的題目，從這道題我們可以看出來，科學(xué)類段落看起來復(fù)雜，但是考點還是有規(guī)律可循的，我們做題的時候要總結(jié)規(guī)律，這樣才能舉一反三，事半功倍。希望大家備考順利，拿到理想的成績。

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